Introduction to Stationary Storage
With the global commitment to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar and wind, stationary energy storage is playing an increasingly important role. Storage helps optimize the use of renewable energy by capturing excess production for later use. This article provides an overview of different stationary storage technologies, their applications, and the benefits they provide to the energy system.

Battery Energy Storage Systems
Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are currently the most widely deployed stationary energy storage technology. They use rechargeable battery cells similar to those found in electric vehicles to store electricity. Stationary Energy Storage Lithium-ion batteries are the predominant chemistry used due to their high energy density and reduction in costs over the past decade. A BESS is able to rapidly charge from the grid or intermittent renewable generators like solar panels and discharge power back to the grid when needed.

Applications of Battery Storage
Utility-scale BESS are being installed both on the distribution system near load centers and on the transmission system to provide grid services like reserve capacity and voltage regulation. Behind-the-meter residential and commercial BESS are also gaining popularity to offset peak demand charges and provide backup power during outages. BESS are well-suited for frequency regulation in the fast-acting secondary reserve power markets. They can charge from excess renewable generation during low-demand periods and discharge during evening peak hours.

Mechanical Storage Technologies
While batteries dominate the storage conversation today, mechanical storage technologies also play an important role. Pumped hydro storage (PHS) systems resemble a conventional hydroelectric plant, except water is pumped from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir during off-peak hours using surplus electricity. When power is needed, the stored water is released through turbines to generate electricity. Over 90% of global grid-connected energy storage capacity is provided by PHS facilities.

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